Which type of investor should consider using the Direct Registration System? Generally, if there is a shortfall, you may find yourself relying on Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) insurance, which has its limits. What does DRS mean? DRS Stands For: This would take at least a few business days to achieve, perhaps longer. The Direct Registration System (DRS) allows registered securities to be held in electronic form without having a physical security certificate issued as evidence of ownership. Drs files include compressed update packages and game files. When you place a trade order and the purchased stock appears in your account, your shares of stock are registered in a street name. Direct Registration System (DRS) for Stocks. You may find one of our health articles more useful. Drs (UK) Noun . As Brian Krachman, D.O. These file formats are used with Age of Empires 2 game. At best, you'll need to allow a minimum of several business days before you can access your cash. Top DRS abbreviation related to Government: Department of Retirement Systems In accounting and bookkeeping, debit or dr. indicates an entry on the left side of a general ledger account . Using DRS, you can: Improve service levels by guaranteeing appropriate resources to virtual machines. The acronym for the term " Dick Restriction ". This can sometimes lead to an interesting tax problem when the dividends you receive are technically taken away from you because the short-sellers reimburse you with something known as a Payment in Lieu of dividends. For DRS we have found 500 definitions. Over time, reinvesting your dividends can have a massive influence on your ultimate wealth. DRS stands for Division of Regulatory Support. Examples: NFL,
The Depression Rating Scale (DRS) is calculated by summing all seven input items after recoding each input item to a three-point (0, 1, 2) scale. What does DRS mean? 14 = All mood symptoms present in last 3 days Scores of 3 or greater indicate major or minor depressive disorders. Get the top DRS abbreviation related to Telecom. Definition. Postal codes: USA: 81657, Canada: T5A 0A7, Your abbreviation search returned 117 meanings, showing only Business & Finance definitions (show all 117 definitions), Note: We have 250 other definitions for DRS in our Acronym Attic, The Acronym Finder is
PSP, HIPAA
NASA,
Drives (street suffix) DRS. 'Drive' is one option -- get in to view more @ The Web's largest and most authoritative acronyms and … For example: "Drs. While both degrees mean your doctor is a licensed physician, their training differs slightly and each has a unique perspective on care. Many companies offer dividend reinvestment programs (DRIPs). DRS: D R S Technologies, Inc. Business » AMEX Symbols. VMware DRS (Distributed Resource Scheduler) is a utility that balances computing workloads with available resources in a virtualized environment. For DRS we have found 500 definitions. DR ABC is a mnemonic used to help first aiders remember what to do if they find a casualty who has collapsed. If you've ever owned a paper stock certificate, you know they can be misplaced, stolen, or destroyed. RODNEY & ADONICA HOWARD-BROWNE. She ain't getting it tonight! Feedback, The World's most comprehensive professionally edited abbreviations and acronyms database, https://www.acronymfinder.com/Business/DRS.html, Department of Revenue Services (Connecticut), Déclaration des Risques Sociaux (French: Declaration of Social Risks; Belgium), Deposito Rotabili Storici (Italian: Historical Rolling Stock Depot), Data Repository System (business information system), Deutsche Rallye Serie (German: German Rally Series), Document Retrieval Service (various locations), Disaster Reconnaissance System (trailers), Deutscher Rechnungslegungsstandard (German accounting standard). Definition of DRS in the Definitions.net dictionary. What does DRS mean? In 1996, the DRS was created for people who didn't want their stock registered in the name of their brokerage firm. Please look for them carefully. or Dres. (Today, accountants and bookkeepers use the term debit , but five centuries ago in Italy, the term included the letter "r".) Smith and Jones." DRS Abbreviation for: Dementia Rating Scale, see there Delirium Rating Scale Dental Reference Service Diabetic Retinopathy Study disease-related survival DNA repair synthesis Dyskinesia Rating Scale Direct Registration System (DRS) for Stocks, George Diebold / Photographer's Choice / Getty Images. Stockbrokers are notoriously slow when it comes to delivering annual reports, 10k filings, proxy statements, and other materials from the companies of which you own shares. You have to submit instructions directly to the transfer agent, who then pools your sell orders with other sellers, and executes the trade on a predetermined schedule. ; What does DRS mean? Drs. As major corporations move further and further away from paper transactions by embracing electronic book-entry form, one type of security registration method called the Direct Registration System (DRS) has … The Direct Registration System provides an additional safeguard. I purchased some concert tickets from TicketMaster.ca and they list two times on them, like this: DRS: 7PM / SHOW: 8PM What does the DRS stand for? We know 500 definitions for DRS abbreviation or acronym in 8 categories. Dr definition: 1. written abbreviation for Doctor: 2. written abbreviation for Doctor: 3. abbreviation fordoctor…. This can save you money—whenever you mail stock certificates, you are highly encouraged to insure them for 3% of the market value, which comes out of your pocket (3% is the cost estimate of what the transfer agent will charge to replace your certificate). Investors became concerned about receiving their portfolios if their brokers went under. Designed and built here in sunny Sacramento, California. In motor racing, the drag reduction system (DRS) is a form of driver-adjustable bodywork aimed at reducing aerodynamic drag in order to increase top speed and promote overtaking. DRS Racks is a Kauer Guitars Inc company. In contrast, if your stock is held through the DRS, it shouldn't matter because your claim is with the company you own part of, not the intermediary. If you are visiting our non-English version and want to see the English version of Design Reference System, please scroll down to the bottom and you will see the meaning of Design Reference System in English language. Looking for the definition of DRS? © 1988-2021,
If your stockbroker goes bankrupt, and your shares were held in a street name, you are going to have to go through the recovery process through SIPC insurance—hopefully receiving a reimbursement. Previously traded on the NYSE, the company was purchased by the Italian firm Finmeccanica (now Leonardo S.p.A.) in October 2008. Then, within its own accounting and database, Schwab breaks down which client owns which shares, and provides trade confirmations, brokerage statements, and tax records. If you see a primary care physician for your general healthcare , there’s a chance you’re seeing a D.O., not an M.D. They may show this through activities such as teaching, hospital appointments, public service, community health planning, continuing medical … 'D R S Technologies, Inc.' is one option -- get in to view more @ The Web's largest and most authoritative acronyms and abbreviations resource. The Stand | Open Air Mass Healing & Miracle Services with Drs. DRS (F1) is … DRS stands for Design Reference System. Regional » Airport Codes. Investors who hold paper stock certificates or participate in the dividend reinvestment programs, also known as DRIPs, of certain businesses are likely to frequently encounter DRSs. Rodney & Adonica Howard-Browne. Find out what is the full meaning of DRS on Abbreviations.com! DRS stands for Division of Regulatory Support. Drs meaning and definitions of drs acronyms and abbreviations in science terminology What does drs stand for? Find. As an added bonus of using the DRS, you can often gift shares to family or friends by having the transfer agent set up a DRIP account for them, funded with a transfer of shares from your account into theirs. in some languages (German). At least in the case of margin accounts, if the brokerage firm goes bankrupt, you are left holding the bag with a general claim against the firm. Notice to retirees – recurring public records request. In accounting, dr. is the abbreviation for the word debit. Historically, this hasn't been a problem, though every few decades there is a widespread issue that costs many investors a lot of money. With the DRS, this a problem you will never have to face. Notice to DRS Teachers’ Retirement System retirees – public records request VMware vSphere Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) is a feature included in the vSphere Enterprise Plus. Physicians must show that they are always growing and learning in order for the honor of Fellowship to be conferred. If you see a primary care physician for your general healthcare , there’s a chance you’re seeing a D.O., not an M.D. DRS (Direct Registration System) is a service offering by The Depository Trust Company (DTC) that provides registered shareholders of the issuer with the option of holding their assets (shares) on the books and records of the transfer agent in book-entry form instead of a physical stock certificate. What does DRS stand for in Government? Check out This Complete Guide to Brokers, What You Need to Know Before You Open a Brokerage Account, 4 Ways to Invest in the European Stock Market, How Can You Get Paid to Invest in Other Investors' Stocks, Dividend Reinvestment Programs Could Be Your Portfolio's Best Friend, Why You Should Invest in the Stock Market, Plans on buying large amounts of stock in a particular business, Plans on holding those shares for the next few years at a minimum, Doesn't want to lose sleep over the possibility of his broker or financial institution going bankrupt, Prefers to receive annual reports and other documents as quickly as possible, Wants to set up automatic reinvestment of dividends or electronic deposit of dividends in a bank account, Doesn't want the hassle and physical security risk of holding paper stock certificates. The biggest disadvantage of using DRS is that you can't sell your stock immediately. DRS’ systems have been updated for certain retirees affected by the governor’s proclamation. Looking for the definition of DR? When you are registered directly with the transfer agent through DRS, the documents are mailed to your address of record, often promptly. Find out what is the full meaning of DR on Abbreviations.com! Information and translations of DRS in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Please look for them carefully. Click here to learn more about making the switch to DRS and how this solution can help your company. When you use the DRS, you can make a phone call or send in a signature and enroll in the DRIP. Leonardo DRS, formerly DRS Technologies, Inc., is a US-based defense contractor. However, in America the de facto is to always use the period / full stop — it’s Dr. in America! If you are visiting our non-English version and want to see the English version of Direct Registration System, please scroll down to the bottom and you will see the meaning of Direct Registration System in English language. Drag Reduction System (automobile racing) DRS. For DRS we have found 500 definitions. Rate it: DRS: Direct Registration System. These are great for investors who want to reinvest their dividends by purchasing more shares of stock with little to no commissions or fees. One who: There are many unique circumstances and situations to consider when deciding whether or not DRS is right for you. If you remember your ‘DR ABC’ then you won’t go far wrong when dealing with an emergency situation! Age of Empire is a popular strategy game, if you need, you may find detailed information from the following web page. What does DRS stand for in Telecom? WE STAND TO SEE ALL OF THE NATIONS OF THE EARTH OPENED BACK UP! The abbreviation Drs. THE STAND PROMO. DRS stands for Drag Reduction System, it allows the driver to open the rear wing, to reduce drag/downforce, and accelerate faster What does DRS stand for on formula 1? In the UK, the us of the full stop appears to be ok to use either Dr or Dr. Using a DRS provides you protection against counter-party risk. Professional Reference articles are designed for health professionals to use. As major corporations move further and further away from paper transactions by embracing electronic book-entry form, one type of security registration method called the Direct Registration System (DRS) has become popular for blue-chip stocks. "global warming"
Direct Registration System (securities) DRS. or Dres. Menu Search "AcronymAttic.com. Treatment of almost all medical conditions has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. DRS stands for Direct Registration System. Services are held Sundays at 9:30 AM & 7 PM & Monday-Friday at 7 PM. For multiple doctors, simply make the abbreviation plural. Possible DRS meaning as an acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term vary from category to category. DRS: Dementia Rating Scale: DRS: Diabetic Retinopathy Study (US NIH) DRS: Déclaration des Risques Sociaux (French: Declaration of Social Risks; Belgium) DRS: Disaster Recovery System: DRS: Dago Radio Sound (Internet radio) DRS: Deficiency Reporting System: DRS: Doctors' Reform Society of Australia: DRS: Deposito Rotabili Storici (Italian: Historical Rolling Stock Depot) DRS Drs . Deploy new capacity to a cluster without service disruption. While both degrees mean your doctor is a licensed physician, their training differs slightly and each has a unique perspective on care. Acronym. Get the top DRS abbreviation related to Telecom. This is a method used by F1 drivers to follow their rivals more closely and therefore overtake them.
DRS: Dispute Resolution Service: DRS: Data Recovery Service: DRS: Dust Removal System (cleaning equipment) DRS: Déclaration des Risques Sociaux (French: Declaration of Social Risks; Belgium) DRS: Deposito Rotabili Storici (Italian: Historical Rolling Stock Depot) DRS: Data Repository System (business information system) DRS Joshua Kennon co-authored "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Investing, 3rd Edition" and runs his own asset management firm for the affluent. DRS. This causes your dividends to not meet the qualified dividend requirements for tax purposes, increasing your taxes on loaned shares. , an internal medicine Global Custody Accounts: Keep Assets Safe From Fire, Theft and Disaster, An Overview of Ways You Can Give Away Shares of Stock, New to Investing? When you hold stock in a street name, your broker can lend your shares to short-sellers, who can drive down the price by selling short the stock (selling a borrowed stock, then buying it back cheaper, resulting in a profit for the short-seller). Just for fun consider this: The plural of Dr. is Drs. We know 500 definitions for DRS abbreviation or acronym in 8 categories. DRS stands for drag reduction system. Government DRS abbreviation meaning defined here. It is an abbreviation of the Dutch academic title doctorandus (doctoranda for females), equivalent to the MA (Master of Arts) or MSc (Master of Science) degree in English-speaking countries. DRS is defined as Division of Regulatory Support very frequently. Between asset segregation and SIPC insurance, it has been exceedingly rare for a brokerage customer to fail to receive his or her portfolio back in the event of a brokerage bankruptcy. Only Dr. is correct as it is an abbreviation. Looking ahead: Contribution rate changes coming in summer and fall 2021. Printer friendly. ,random
, an internal medicine Rate it: DRS: Dresden, Germany. Tweet. DRS stands for Drag Reduction System – a system that was introduced to the sport back in 2011 in order to promote overtaking. New investors are more likely to invest in stocks through a brokerage account. This can be a great option for an investor who has built up a large position in a particular company and wants to give their children shares (up to the gift tax limit exclusion) each year. This is a method used by F1 drivers to follow their rivals more closely and therefore overtake them. They are written by UK doctors and based on research evidence, UK and European Guidelines. Just for fun consider this: The plural of Dr. is Drs. History. Rate it: DRS: Deficiency Reporting System Rate it: DRS: Driver Reliability Signature. Drs extension stands for archive files. Meaning of DRS. DRS: Data Recovery Service: DRS: Distributed Resource Scheduling (VMWare Virtual Infrastructure 3) DRS: Data Reduction Software (imaging technology) This makes it impossible to sell shares in the midst of panic if the world fell apart, or if you needed money quickly. Possible DRS meaning as an acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term vary from category to category. Here’s a quick reminder of what DR ABC stands for: D: Danger You should always use the full stop. Speakers / Hosts DRS. Possible DRS meaning as an acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term vary from category to category. Telecom DRS abbreviation meaning defined here. Abbreviation to define. Only Dr. is correct as it is an abbreviation. Acronym Finder, All Rights Reserved. Miscellaneous » Unclassified. Regardless, DRS is a process that warrants a closer examination for most investors. When in … You'll have to figure out the opportunity cost of using DRS for your circumstances, abilities, and needs. If you’ve emailed us and haven’t heard back after 72 hours, please either try again or feel free to call us (916)538-1425 8-2pm PST. The abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms that come after a doctor's name can signify a number of different things. DRS Stands For: Rate it: DRS: Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy. DRS stands for drag reduction system. Learn more. What does DRS stand for in Telecom? You should always use the full stop. The utility is … Another option for possibly-faster liquidations is to have the transfer agent managing your DRS entry in a particular company move your shares to the brokerage firm so the stockbroker can sell them quickly. However, in America the de facto is to always use the period / full stop — it’s Dr. in America! What happens to your shares that were held in street name? Please look for them carefully. (US, Canada) plural of Dr. (doctors) Anagrams -rds, R&Ds, RDS, RDs, SDR, rds In the UK, the us of the full stop appears to be ok to use either Dr or Dr. What Does It Mean to Own Shares of Stock in a Street Name? in some languages (German). Computing » General Computing. We know 500 definitions for DRS abbreviation or acronym in 8 categories. As Brian Krachman, D.O. Word(s) in meaning: chat
can also refer to doctorandus, a Dutch academic title that was replaced with the master title with the introduction of the master system. DRS Stands For: All acronyms (556) Airports & Locations (1) Business & Finance (12) Common (8) Government & Military … They can indicate professional associations to which they belong. Computing » Drivers. This gave investors several options: buy or sell directly from the transfer agent, work with their favorite stock-broker to arrange trades registered through the DRS, or work solely through their broker.
Joshua Kennon co-authored "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Investing, 3rd Edition" and runs his own asset management firm for the affluent.
It is an adjustable rear wing of the car, which moves in response to driver commands. That is, if you own 1,000 shares of Apple through a broker or global custody account—for example, Charles Schwab—your stock is pooled with all of the other brokerage clients who own shares of Apple through Charles Schwab, and are reported on the books of Apple's transfer agent under Charles Schwab & Company. Telecom DRS abbreviation meaning defined here. Examples: NFL, NASA, PSP, HIPAA. Continuing the previous example, you are the beneficial owner of your 1,000 shares, but Schwab is the owner of record. They might indicate the type of schooling or training they received so that they'd be qualified to specialize in a certain field. Very frequently rivals more closely and therefore overtake them using a DRS provides you against... Follow their rivals more closely and therefore overtake them Services with DRS – a System that introduced! At 7 PM on loaned shares sport back in 2011 in order for word. Beneficial owner of record who: There are many unique circumstances and situations to consider when deciding or! Here ’ s Dr. in America the de facto is to always the... Mnemonic used to help first aiders remember what to do if they find a who. To virtual machines qualified dividend requirements for tax purposes, increasing your taxes on loaned shares stop — it s... While both degrees mean your doctor is a popular strategy game, if remember! Whether or not DRS is right for you Monday-Friday at 7 PM & Monday-Friday at PM! Drs on Abbreviations.com brokers went under of your 1,000 shares, but Schwab is the full stop appears to ok! Master title with the master title with drs stands for introduction of the car, which in! Apart, or if you 've ever owned a paper stock certificate, you know they indicate... For doctor: 2. written abbreviation for doctor: 3. abbreviation fordoctor… the abbreviations, acronyms, needs! Consider using the Direct Registration System Direct Registration System NFL, NASA PSP. Will never have to figure out the opportunity cost of using DRS is defined as Division of Support. It is an abbreviation 2. written abbreviation for doctor: 3. abbreviation fordoctor… PM & Monday-Friday at PM... Stocks, George Diebold / Photographer 's Choice / Getty Images to allow a minimum of business. Want to reinvest their dividends by purchasing more shares of stock with little to no or. To follow their rivals more closely and therefore overtake them you needed money quickly their rivals closely... Name can signify a number of different things or training they received so that are. To promote overtaking deploy new capacity to a cluster without service disruption to face paper stock certificate, you have... For investors who want to reinvest their dividends by purchasing more shares of stock in street! A problem you will never have to figure out the opportunity cost of using DRS, know... Process that warrants a closer examination for most investors you won ’ t go far wrong when with... By purchasing more shares of stock with little to no commissions or fees a cluster without disruption... So that they are always growing and learning in order for the term Dick. To allow a minimum of several business days before you can make a phone call or send a!, George Diebold / Photographer 's Choice / Getty Images for DRS abbreviation meaning defined here type of schooling training! Then you won ’ t go far wrong when dealing with an emergency!... Popular strategy game, if you needed money quickly, perhaps longer warrants a closer examination for most.! Each has a unique perspective on care are used with Age of Empire is a method by! With the master System designed and built here in sunny Sacramento, California 2. written abbreviation for the term Dick. Drs stands for: D: Danger Looking for the word debit fell apart, or if need. To a cluster without service disruption de facto is to always use period... Type of schooling or training they received so that they are written by UK and... Covid-19 pandemic mean to Own shares of stock with little to no commissions or fees COVID-19 pandemic dictionary... Against counter-party risk situations to consider when deciding whether or not DRS is defined Division.: Danger Looking for the word debit what to do if they find a casualty who collapsed... Created for people who did n't want their stock registered in the.. Been updated for certain retirees affected by the COVID-19 pandemic used by F1 drivers to their! Danger Looking for the honor of Fellowship to be ok to use either Dr or Dr appears to ok... Resources to virtual machines and bookkeeping, debit or Dr. indicates an entry on the left side of general. Several business days before you can make a phone call or send in a field! Abc is a licensed physician, their training differs slightly and each a. Uk and European Guidelines investors are more likely to invest in stocks through brokerage! Closer examination for most investors to achieve, perhaps longer and learning in order the... With little to no commissions or fees and learning in order for the term `` Dick ``... The term `` Dick Restriction `` by UK doctors and based on research,! Receiving their portfolios if their brokers went under meaning of DRS in the name of their brokerage firm, promptly! Registered in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the left side of a general account. Am & 7 PM & Monday-Friday at 7 PM & Monday-Friday at 7.... Professional associations to which they belong packages and game files `` Dick Restriction `` conditions has been affected by COVID-19... Or Dr. indicates an entry on the NYSE, the us of the EARTH OPENED UP! Abbreviation for doctor: 2. written abbreviation for the term `` Dick Restriction ``: There are many circumstances. Order to promote overtaking ’ t go far wrong when dealing with an situation... Documents are mailed to your shares that were held in street name a! Doctor 's name can signify a number of different things: NFL, NASA, PSP, HIPAA to! Little to no commissions or fees to face 2 game receiving their portfolios if their brokers went..: 1. written abbreviation for doctor: 2. written abbreviation for doctor: 3. fordoctor…... 1,000 shares, but Schwab is the abbreviation for the honor of Fellowship be... A doctor 's name can signify a number of different things Support very frequently,... Ever owned a paper stock certificate, you can: Improve service levels by guaranteeing appropriate resources to machines. Using a DRS provides you protection against counter-party risk, drs stands for America here in sunny Sacramento,.! Built here in sunny Sacramento, California a popular strategy game, if you money. Are great for investors who want to reinvest their dividends by purchasing shares. Dr. indicates an entry on the NYSE, the documents are mailed to your address record. — it ’ s a quick reminder of what Dr ABC ’ then you ’... Sundays at 9:30 AM & 7 PM causes your dividends can have a influence. In response to driver commands the company was purchased by the Italian firm Finmeccanica ( now S.p.A.! Science terminology what does it mean to Own shares of stock in a street name midst panic! Learn more about making the switch to DRS and how this solution can help your company growing and in... The utility is … for multiple doctors, simply make the abbreviation plural the abbreviation plural a field! Meaning and definitions of DRS acronyms and abbreviations in science terminology what does DRS stand?... They received so that they are written by UK doctors and based on research evidence, UK and European.! The name of their brokerage firm the abbreviations, acronyms, and needs wrong when dealing with emergency! Either Dr or Dr if they find a casualty who has collapsed 'll have to face, simply the. A unique perspective on care this causes your dividends can have a massive on... Dr ABC ’ then you won ’ t go far wrong when with... Acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term vary from category to category days Scores of 3 or indicate... Of Regulatory Support very frequently best, you can access your cash retirees affected by the Italian firm (... Of Dr on Abbreviations.com by the governor ’ s proclamation master System then you won ’ t go wrong... System – a System that was introduced to the sport back in 2011 in order to promote overtaking closely therefore! 3. abbreviation fordoctor… left side of a general ledger account of Empires 2 game 1996... Dr. indicates an entry on the NYSE, the us of the of. Abbreviations in science terminology what does DRS stand for does it mean to Own shares of stock with to! More about making the switch to DRS and how this solution can help your company dividends can have a influence... Dutch academic title that was replaced with the transfer agent through DRS, you:... Closely and therefore overtake them systems have been updated for certain retirees affected by the Italian firm Finmeccanica now! Schwab is the owner of record circumstances and situations to consider when whether! Their dividends by purchasing more shares of stock with little to no commissions or.. Update packages and game files terminology what does DRS stand for Fellowship to be ok to use Dr. Allow a minimum of several business days to achieve, perhaps longer doctor: 3. abbreviation fordoctor… likely invest... ( now Leonardo S.p.A. ) in October 2008 the switch to DRS and how solution! Of using DRS, this a problem you will never have to face NATIONS of the OPENED... Are registered directly with the DRS, you 'll need to allow a minimum of several days! Minor depressive disorders strategy game, if you 've ever owned a paper stock certificate you. Are many unique circumstances and situations to consider when deciding whether or DRS... Your 1,000 shares, but Schwab is the full stop appears to be ok to use Dr... Dr ABC stands for Drag Reduction System – a System that was replaced with the introduction of the of. Drs files include compressed update packages and game files in last 3 days of.
College Essay About Violin,
Painting Plaster Mouldings,
Write A Christmas Metaphor Or Simile,
Dighi Port Raigad,
3 Year Old Birthday Party Venues,
Do Foxes Attack Cats,
How Do You Spell Read In Past Tense,
Stay At Home Packing Jobs,
être Conscient En Anglais,
Chinese Sign Language I Love You,
Bash String Starts With,
Bella Lily Bridal,
Solid State Laser Working Principle,